![]() Handover may also be performed between different radio access types, such as between BSS and UTRAN, which is known as Inter-RAT, where an Inter-RAT HO can also be Intra-SGSN or Inter-SGSN handover. For example, for a 2G system, Intra-BSS handover may be performed maintaining the same SGSN (known as Intra-SGSN handover) or also changing the SGSN (known as Inter-SGSN handover). As in any handover case, there is a source cell in the RAN and a target cell in the RAN (within the same radio access in the case of Intra-RAT and in a different RAN in the case of Inter-RAT handover) where the terminal is planned to be moved to. We will briefly go over some of the principles of handover in the existing 2G/3G 3GPP Packet Core (GPRS PS Domain) and then go into the details of the EPS handovers. The same principles apply in the handover procedures for EPS as well. PS handover procedures for GSM were developed with the basic principles of two main phases: handover preparation phase and handover execution phase. Catherine Mulligan, in EPC and 4G Packet Networks (Second Edition), 2013 17.4.1 Phases of the Handover Procedures
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